The parameters evaluated were: Youngs modulus, Maximum force (N) and percent elongation (%). Before Materials 11(9):17311744, Article Solubility was determined as proposed by Gontard et al. Similar results were obtained by Faradilla et al. Thus, small free volume is present within the polymer matrix and the movement of the molecules are somewhat restricted. Kuan Yong Ching, Xiuzhen Ran, Naif Mohammed Al-Hada, and Xiao Sui provided conceptualization and formal analysis and S.L. Water uptake percentages of pure starch-based and chitosan-reinforced starch-based bioplastic films at various immersion durations. Their physical properties differ from unfilled plastics because they can be processed similarly to mineral-filled plastics. It was worth noting that a very brittle bioplastic film was formed at 10 wt.% starch concentration. In fact, the Terratek SC line can be customized to accommodate a wide variety of physical properties (e.g., impact strength or flex modulus) and processing parameters (e.g., melt flow or melt strength). Interaction and miscibility between starch and chitosan were proven through the peaks shifting to a lower wavenumber in FTIR and a reduction of crystallinity in XRD. Xie F, Halley PJ, Avrous L. Rheology to understand and optimize processibility structures and properties of starch polymeric materials. The decrease in the elongation at break could be explained through the saturation phenomenon, whereby the bondings between the starch molecules increased as the starch concentration was increased to a saturation amount that would prevent glycerol molecules to fit into the molecular chains [35]. where, Ts is the tensile strength and X Preparation and characterization of glycerol plasticized (high-amylose) starchchitosan films. 20 and Fig. This shift revealed the formation of inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding between starch and chitosan [53]. Van Oss CJ, Giese RF. (1): where, E is the difference between each color parameter of the treatments in relation to the black and white backing. Food Hydrocoll 80:97110, Liu W, Qiu J, Zhu L, Fei M-E, Qiu R, Sakai E, Ito K, Song G, Tang G (2018) Tannic acid-induced crosslinking of epoxidized soybean oil for toughening poly(lactic acid) via dynamic vulcanization. Preliminary study indicated that process temperature below 65 C did not successfully produce a film. Polym Polym Compos 30:111, Yang J, Ching YC, Chuah CH (2021) Nai-Shang L, Preparation and characterization of starch/empty fruit bunch-based bioplastic composites reinforced with epoxidized oils. Klinmalai P., Srisa A., Laorenza Y., Katekhong W., Harnkarnsujarit N. Antifungal and plasticization effects of carvacrol in biodegradable poly (lactic acid) and poly (butylene adipate terephthalate) blend films for bakery packaging. Raspo M.A., Gomez C.G., Andreatta A.E. where Wo is the initial bioplastic weight (g), Wf is the final bioplastic weight (g). Cereda MP, Daiuto ER, Vilpoux O. Metodologia de determinao de amido digesto cida em microondas. Three readings were taken from three random places of each film, measuring 7 cm 1 cm. The starch solution was homogenized at 250 rpm and heated at 60 C for 15 min. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Different letters indicate the values are significantly different (p < 0.05). As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Edible films made from blends of manioc starch and gelatinInfluence of different types of plasticizer and different levels of macromolecules on their properties. In this study, the effect of varying concentrations of dialdehyde starch and silica solutions on the physical, mechanical, biodegradable, surface topology, and thermal properties of the bioplastic films was examined. Optimization of antioxidant, mechanical and chemical physical properties of chitosan-sorbitol-gallic acid films by response surface methodology. Google Scholar, Singh P, Verma R (2020) Bioplastics: a green approach toward sustainable environment. Tensile strength and elongation at break of bioplastic films at various chitosan loadings. Xiao Sui, YunWei Wei, Jiafeng Yu, Jihua Wang and Jiehua Zhou provided conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - Review and Editing. Syafri E., Kasim A., Abral H., Sulungbudi G.T., Sanjay M., Sari N.H. Synthesis and characterization of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) ramie reinforced cassava starch hybrid composites. Similar behavior was reported for bioplastics by Zavareze et al. Out of the 2.05 million tons of bioplastics produced in 2017 worldwide, starch blends accounted for 18.8%. Plasticizing and antiplasticizing effects of glycerol and sorbitol on biodegradable cassava starch films. Macromolecules 49(5):16051615, Ali F (2016) Plasticizing poly(lactic acid) using epoxidized palm oil for environmental friendly packaging material. Because starch is always available in large quantities and at low prices, starch is the most promising raw material in making plastics in the future [2]. The tensile strength obtained for potato and yam starch-based bioplastic are 0.6 MPa and 1.9 MPa, respectively. Environ Microbiol Biotechnol 1:3553, Article Starches, which constitute a considerable portion of food waste, are the main material used for non-synthetic starch-based bioplastics, produced by direct processing of the starch into films 163 . In addition, the characteristic peak of chitosan (9.55) did not appear in the chitosan reinforced starch-based bioplastic film. A reduction in amylose content lowers the cohesiveness of bioplastics formation and, thus, its tensile strength is decreased [38]. Lubis M., Harahap M., Manullang A., Ginting M., Sartika M. Utilization starch of jackfruit seed (. SEMimageswere produced withmagnificationof8000 times. Although the present study demonstrated that the mechanical properties of bioplastic film were affected by the starch concentration, the relationship between the starch concentration and the mechanical properties of the bioplastic films is still not conclusive. Analysis including FTIR, molecular distribution, and polydispersity index validated the ring opening polymerization of ESO and CA. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Bioplastic based on starch and cellulose nanocrystals from rice straw. The significant decrement of 75.8% in tensile strength could be explained by the increase in amylopectin content as the starch concentration increased. The results replaced that jackfruit starch can be used to develop films, with low opacity, moderate WVP and relatively high mechanical stability, by using glycerol in the gelatinized starch dispersions. Color determination of bioplastics was carried out with a colorimeter (Colorquest XE-Hunter LabUSA) calibrated with a black and white backing, using standard D65 illuminantand 10 observer. Jerez A, Partal P, Martnez I, Gallegos C, Guerrero A. Protein-based bioplastics: effect of thermo-mechanical processing. The percentage weight losses of pure starch-based and chitosan-reinforced starch-based bioplastic films are displayed in Figure 14. There are five weight losses in both films. It is apparent that when the additional 5 wt.% chitosan loading was added, chitosan could not be dissolved completely in the starch solution leading to chitosan aggregation and the formation of numerous big lumps. This has subsequently decreased the amylose content [40,41]. The findings illustrated the interactions between hydroxyl groups of starch and amino groups of chitosan, which had promoted the compatibility of starch and chitosan [44,53]. The suspension was heated to 95C under stirring on a magnetic hot plate (Fisatom 752A) for 5min. Gontard N, Guilbert S, Cuq J-L. In this research, jackfruit seed starch plasticized with glycerol were developed and characterized. Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China, Jianlei Yang,Naif Mohammed Al-Hada,Yunwei Wei,Shicai Xu,Jiafeng Yu&Jihua Wang, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, University of Reading Malaysia, Kota Ilmu, Persiaran Graduan, Educity, 79200, Nusajaya Johor, Malaysia, Dezhou Product Quality Standard Metrology Research Institute, Dezhou, 253023, China, Shandong Demeng Testing Co., LTD, Dezhou, 253023, China, You can also search for this author in Further increase in the chitosan loading to 20 wt.% resulted in the tensile strength increasing to 5.19 MPa (p < 0.05). A bioplastic film of around 5 mg was placed in a platinum pan and heated from ambient temperature to a final temperature of 900 C at a heating rate of 20 C/min with nitrogen flow rate of 50 mL/min [19,32]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-022-02661-5, access via Starch-based bioplastic films have been synthesized by many researchers from various sources, such as potato [23], corn [24,25], mango seed [26], jackfruit seed [27], sago [21], avocado seed [28] and cassava peel [29]. Beyond 40 min immersion period, pure starch-based bioplastic film reached its maximum water uptake of 302%, whereas the chitosan-reinforced starch-based bioplastic film only achieved a maximum water uptake of 251% after 50 min immersion. Thickness of bioplastics was measured using a precision micrometer (Kit B, Pantec). These research findings were in accord with the work of Sapei et al. In addition, products made with Terratek SC are eligible to be certified by the USDAs BioPreferred Program. Zuraida A., Anuar H., Yusof Y. In addition, lipids may negatively influence the swelling of the starch granule, change the gelatinization temperature, and limit amylose retrogradation, giving rise to brittle bioplastics (Singh and Nath 2013). Bioplastics have an edge over petroleum-based plastics due to their biodegradability, instead of the combustion of plastic wastes adopted by the latter [7,8]. As approaching 900 C, the chitosan-reinforced starch-based bioplastic film was found to have 17% residue, which was 10% higher than pure starch-based bioplastic film with 7% residue. Tensile strength and elongation at break of pure starch-based bioplastic films at different starch concentrations. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Then the samples were gold sputtered in a metallizer (Balzers FDU 010) for 3min, followed by scanning electron microscope analysis. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The water uptake by the film was calculated according to Equation (2) [4]. 2017). Almeida C.M., Magalhes J.M., Souza H.K., Gonalves M.P. Tropical. Why do gelatinized starch granules not dissolve completely? Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The study found that glycerol plasticized biopolymers are hydrophobic. In fact, European Bioplastics stated that Bioplastics are used in an increasing number of markets, from packaging, catering products, consumer electronics, automotive, agriculture/horticulture and toys to textiles and a number of other segments.. Gelatinized duration required and film appearance at different starch concentrations. Singh V., Ali S., Somashekar R., Mukherjee P. Nature of crystallinity in native and acid modified starches. The films selected for analysis were those containing 4 and 12g of starch, at the concentrations of 30 and 60% of glycerol: these values were selected because they were the minimum and maximum values of each variable that allowed the formation of non-brittle bioplastics. Biodegradable plastic properties can be improved mainly by using mixtures of starch with other synthetic polymers (Chen et al. where, X Joshi et al. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. This was resulted from gelatinization kinetic of each starch granule. To perform the tensile test, test specimens were used with the size recommended by the ASTM standard for testing polymer films, and dimensions were adjusted for the size of the equipment. Carbohydr Polym 137:452458, Liu W, Qiu J, Chen T, Fei M, Qiu R, Sakai E (2019) Regulating tannic acid-crosslinked epoxidized soybean oil oligomers for strengthening and toughening bamboo fibers-reinforced poly(lactic acid) biocomposites. 18). Optimum tensile strength of 5.19 MPa and elongation at break of 44.6% were obtained under the combined reaction conditions of 5 wt.% starch concentration, 40 wt.% glycerol loading, 20 wt.% chitosan loading and at a process temperature of 70 C. Food Hydrocoll 55:210219, Rafiee F, Rezaie Karder F (2020) Bio-crosslinking of chitosan with oxidized starch, its functionalization with amino acid and magnetization: as a green magnetic support for silver immobilization and its catalytic activity investigation. Water vapor permeability was determined gravimetrically according to ASTM (2012) procedure. Bioplastics were prepared using the casting technique. The temperature increased from 65 C to 70 C had induced gelatinization by producing a film that is free of air bubbles, which can be observed from Table 1. Terratek SC is a proprietary blend of wheat starch and polypropylene made up of 65% renewable material and is ideal for injection molding applications and extrusion. On day 7, both films were found to have degraded by more than 40% of their initial weight. Therefore, a 5 wt.% starch concentration was used to optimize the subsequent parameter investigated. The solubility in water was expressed as a percentage of solubilized material, calculated from the results in triplicate, Eq. Chitosan-reinforced starch-based bioplastic film was successfully prepared through the solution casting and evaporation method. Despite bioplastic fabrication being conducted by many researchers, the parametric studies on plasticizer and filler/co-polymer loadings using solution and casting techniques are rarely being conducted. Similar result was found by Garcia-Hernandez et al. The jackfruit is composed of rind, edible yellow flesh, procarp and, seeds which represent 815% of the fruit weight (Rengsutthi and Charoenrein 2011). With the incorporation of chitosan into the starch-based bioplastic film, the interlink network formed between starch and chitosan could prevent water molecules penetrating through the film [10]. and G.C.N. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is a species of tree belonging to the Moraceae family, widely found throughout many tropical and subtropical regions such as India, Bangladesh, and in many parts of Southeast Asia (Suryadevara et al. The chitosan powder was in a crystalline state as two main diffraction peaks (2 = 9.55 and 20.15) were manifested in the XRD profile [44]. Adsorption, diffusion and desorption are the main mechanisms involved in the transfer of water molecules through the starch films. Ind Crops Prod 112:170180, Pawar M, Kadam A, Yemul O, Thamke V, Kodam K (2016) Biodegradable bioepoxy resins based on epoxidized natural oil (cottonseed & algae) cured with citric and tartaric acids through solution polymerization: a renewable approach. and which are considered safe to be used in food applications. Beyond 500 C, pyrolysis of carbonated compounds took place resulted in inorganic materials in the remaining residue samples [60]. Comparing the maximum water uptake capability between pure starch-based bioplastic film (302%) and chitosan-reinforced starch-based bioplastic film (251%), the larger water uptake capability demonstrated by the latter suggesting that chitosan could be used to improve the water resistance of pure starch-based bioplastic film attributing to the hydrophilic nature of amylose. 2012; Singh and Nath 2013). Sapei L., Padmawijaya K.S., Sijayanti O., Wardhana P.J. Mdulo de Young of biopolymers plasticized with glycerol. This work has been funded by the Talent Introduction Project of Dezhou University (No. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the These dependent variables were individually expressed as a function of the independent variables using the following polynomial Eq. Glycerol of varying weight percentages (40 wt.%80 wt.% based on weight of starch only) was added into the starch solution and subjected to different process temperatures (65 C90 C) until it was gelatinized. f=final mass (g). (10): The experiments were performed randomly in three replicates and all necessary statistical analyses were carried out with the statistical software Statistical Analysis System version 9.0, RSREG procedure (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), license by the Federal University of Viosa. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Higher starch concentration and process temperature would shorten the gelatinized duration and negatively affect the tensile strength. The observation is in agreement with the work of Anggraini et al. Interested in learning more? 12 July 2015; pp. Carbohydr Polym 93(1):307315, Wang R, Liu P, Cui B, Kang X, Yu B (2019) Effects of different treatment methods on properties of potato starch-lauric acid complex and potato starch-based films. This show that even above the gelatinization temperature 14% of jackfruit starch granules did not got gelatinized. With the addition of 5 wt.% chitosan loading, the tensile strength was improved to 3.86 MPa, which was 1.35 times greater than that of the pure starch-based bioplastic film at 2.86 MPa (p < 0.05). and Y.L.P. Based on the measured results (Table 3) and the plot (Figure 6), in general, the mechanical properties of bioplastics increase gradually with the starch : glycerol ratio. This implied 2.5 wt.% was not feasible to be considered as the optimum starch concentration from an economic perspective. Zhao Y., Saldaa M.D. The influence of the concentration of starch and glycerol was observed by means of multiple regression analysis. The same behavioral plasticizing effect of glycerol on starch-based bioplastic film was observed by Ginting et al. High lipid content in starch may cause the fixation of the color of the gel and consequently interfere in the color of the bioplastics and cause alterations of aroma and formation of complexes. (2015), Thakur et al. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Study of Renewable Silica Powder Influence in the Preparation of Bioplastics from Corn and Potato Starch. Compos Sci Technol 90:915, Mauck SC, Wang S, Ding W, Rohde BJ, Fortune CK, Yang G, Ahn S-K, Robertson ML (2016) Biorenewable tough blends of polylactide and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil compatibilized by a polylactide star polymer. Convenient method for preparation of hydrophobically modified starch nanocrystals with using fatty acids. The films obtained in this study were stiffer than corn and potato starch films studied by Lpez and Garca (2012) and Basiak et al. Nissa R., Fikriyyah A., Abdullah A., Pudjiraharti S. Preliminary study of biodegradability of starch-based bioplastics using ASTM G21-70, dip-hanging, and Soil Burial Test methods. J Polym Environ 31, 954964 (2023). i=initial mass (g); w In general, the surface of bioplastic film in contact with the container was shinny and glossy; meanwhile, the surface exposed to air during drying was dull looking. Amylose is responsible for hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups of polymers forming junction zones between molecules and leading to film formation (Shimazu et al. (2012). However, proper formulation can overcome most issues. J Food Eng 109(2):189201, Thakur R, Pristijono P, Golding JB, Stathopoulos CE, Scarlett CJ, Bowyer M, Singh SP, Vuong QV (2017) Amylose-lipid complex as a measure of variations in physical, mechanical and barrier attributes of rice starch--carrageenan biodegradable edible film. The chitosan-reinforced starch-based bioplastic film had slower degradation, which might be due to the antimicrobial properties of chitosan as well as the interaction between starch and chitosan via hydrogen bonding, which possibly reduced the hydrophilicity of the starch matrix and thus slowing down the biodegradation rate [34,67]. Properties and Applications Starch is one of the most abundant biopolymers. 1 is the starch concentration and X The sago starch-based bioplastic preparation was done by adding 10 g starch in 100 mL distilled water and was heated at 70 o C for 25 minutes. The solution casting and evaporation method was adopted for bioplastic film preparation in this study. f) was determined under the same described conditions to obtain the initial dry mass. Morphology and structure were analyzed only for bioplastics made with 2 and 3% starch with 30 and 60% glycerol. The highest investigation temperature of 90 C gave rise to the longest elongation at break of 71.0%. 2012). The analyses were performed in three replicates, made in quintuplets, using 4cm2 film samples. Measurements were performed with load cell of 500 N, crosshead speed of 5 mm/min and grip separation of 30 mm. Evaluation of chemically modified hydrophobic sago starch as a carrier for controlled drug delivery. The products developed from this material have properties similar to those of traditional polymers. 2 is the glycerol concentration. According to Basiak et al. and transmitted securely. Bourtoom T., Chinnan M.S. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey test was performed to compare the mean values at the significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). After the heat treatment, the film-forming solution was shaken in a 40kHz ultrasonic bath (Unique ulta cleaner, 1400) for 20min, then poured into acrylic trays and dried in an oven with air-circulation and air renewal (Solab-SL102) at 55C, for 15h. After this time, the trays with bioplastic were stored in hermetically sealed containers for 48h with saturated sodium bromide (NaBr) solution at 58% relative humidity. To gain an insightful overview of the starch synthesized bioplastic film and the effects on its mechanical properties, gelatinized duration required and appearance of film at diverse starch concentrations are presented in Table 1. Starch-based bioplastics with satisfactory properties were fabricated through solution casting. and transmitted securely. In this study, 30.08% of the amylose was found in the starch, which can be considered high amylose content. Water uptake capability of bioplastic film is directly related to its hydrophilic nature [37]. where, S is solubility and X Ind Crops Prod 53:261267, Yang J, Ching YC, Chuah CH, Nguyen DH, Liou N-S (2021) Synthesis and characterization of starch/fiber-based bioplastic composites modified by citric acid-epoxidized palm oil oligomer with reactive blending. Each experiment was conducted in triplicates to ensure the data reproducibility. By Eq. where, WVP is the permeability to water vapor (gm/daym2); G is the mass gain (g) of the permeation cell over 24h; V is the mean film thickness (m); A is the permeation area (m2) of the film; T is the time (s) and (P1P2) is the vapor pressure gradient (Pa) between the film surfaces (0.4297104Pa). Incorporating kaolin-based clay enhanced the solubility of bioplastics. Therefore, more empirical studies are required to refine and improve the reported findings. Characterization of starch films containing starch nanoparticles: Part 1: Physical and mechanical properties. Conceptualization, S.X.T., H.C.O. Anggraini T., Ulfimarjan A.F., Yenrina R. The effect of chitosan concentration on the characteristics of sago (metroxylon sp) starch bioplastics. The effects of chitosan loading (0 wt.% to 20 wt.%, which corresponded to starch: glycerol: chitosan ratio (w/w) of 20:8:0 to 20:8:1) on the mechanical properties of bioplastic film are shown in Figure 5. The reasons for plastics having such popular usage are due to their high strength, low cost and light-weight as well as their thermal and chemical insulating properties [1,2]. Starch-based biodegradable plastics are water-sensitive, have high water vapor permeability and generally provide films with mechanical properties unsuitable for many applications, which has hindered the expansion of their use and justifies the need to make modifications to improve their properties (Mbey et al. A schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown in Figure 1. After 10 min of immersion time, starch-based bioplastic film absorbed 270% water and chitosan-reinforced starch-based bioplastic film absorbed 206% water. Pereira P.F., Andrade C.T. ; validation, S.X.T. and F.K. The tensile strength in the bioplastics was only affected by the plasticizer, showing a linear decreasing effect, with reduction in the tensile strength with increasing glycerol concentration (Eq. Seeds used for starch extraction were obtained from ripe jackfruits purchased at the street market in the city of Itapetinga, BA. The images were recorded at an acceleration voltage of 20kV. Matrices which contain more amylose are thicker and thus more opaque. Mbey JA, Hoppe S, Thomas F. Cassava starchkaolinite composite film. Utilization of mango seed starch in manufacture of bioplastic reinforced with microparticle clay using glycerol as plasticizer. Our team has wide range of available formulas for clients, created to increase the bio-content of products made with petroleum-based plastics and to quicken the biodegradation process of biodegradable plastics. 2012). Starch-based plastics can be used in a variety of applications since they can be incorporated with various petroleum-based polymers or biopolymers to create unique composite materials. Glycerol was used as a plasticizer to synthesize bioplastic in the present study to reduce the film brittleness by reducing the intermolecular forces between polymer chains, while increasing their mobility to produce a more elastic and flexible film [37]. Three replicates of each sample were subjected to the biodegradation test and the average values were reported. Minakawa A.F., Faria-Tischer P.C., Mali S. Simple ultrasound method to obtain starch micro-and nanoparticles from cassava, corn and yam starches. Malaysian J Anal Sci 20(5):11531158, Belhassen R, Vilaseca F, Mutj P, Boufi S (2014) Thermoplasticized starch modified by reactive blending with epoxidized soybean oil. Temperature always exerts an effect on reaction. where, H is the Tonality, C is the saturation, E is color difference, Y is the opacity and X The tensile strength was determined by Eq. According to Lpez and Garca (2012) the comparison of film thickness with those reported in the literature for hydrocolloid-based films is difficult since this property depends on the casting relation, as data rarely mentioned. The presence of granules with superstructure in starch (Fig. The tensile strength demonstrated in the published study [27] was higher than that of the present study (13.52 MPa vs. 5.19 MPa). (2022) Synthesis and properties of bioplastics from corn starch and citric acid-epoxidized soybean oil oligomers. Santos LS, Bonomo RCF, Fontan RCI, Santos WO, Silva AAL. Chitosan is obtained from the de-acetylation of chitin, which could be abundantly found in natural sources such as shells and heads of crabs, lobsters or shrimps [21,22]. Garcia-Hernandez A, Vernon-Carter EJ, Alvarez-Ramirez J. Biomacromolecules, 5 (2004 . The values of R for training, validation, test and all, for tensile strength were 1, 0.97975, 0.99123 and 0.99552, respectively, (Figure 8). The scanning electron microscopy evidenced the presence of non-gelatinized starch granules, which may have interfered in some analyses, therefore, the heating time for biopolymer production must be increased to ensure complete gelatinization of the starch. Faradilla RHF, Lee G, Arns J-Y, Roberts J, Martens P, Stenzel MH, Arcot J. Characteristics of a free-standing film from banana pseudostem nanocellulose generated from TEMPO-mediated oxidation. These spaces may be formed by the volatilization of the plasticizer under the high vacuum of SEM. Petroleum-based plastics have constituted major parts of our daily life, ranging from bottled drinks, household appliances and toys to food packaging. Possibly, this has been due to the restrictions of smaller scale (laboratory scale), which was less developed in its present status. Bioplastics are made from compounds which can be found in plants such as starch, cellulose, collagen, casein, proteins or lipids found in animals [1]. In this work, the main applications of bioplastics are accounted. (7). ; project administration, S.L. Use of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize pea starche-chitosan novel edible film formulation. The effects of starch concentration on the mechanical properties that were evaluated by fixing a glycerol amount of 2 g and a process temperature of 70 C without incorporation of chitosan are presented in Figure 2. Bhd., Malaysia. "Europe has focused on starch-based bioplastics, but bioplastics made from cellulose nanofibres from plants are stronger we hope to use them for car parts and office furniture, among other . Mallakpour S. Fructose functionalized MWCNT as a filler for starch nanocomposites: Fabrication and characterizations. ; funding acquisition, S.L. The percent elongation of the bioplastics was influenced by both the starch and glycerol. and F.K. [30]. However, had inadequate mechanical properties and were hard and brittle. Biodegradable plastics are produced from biopolymers extracted directly from biomass, with or without modification, such as starch, cellulose and proteins (Jerez et al. ; data curation, S.X.T. Thus, the use of alternative botanical sources may be an important strategy to improve the properties of starch-based biodegradable plastics. Transparent films are characterized by low values of opacity. However, pure starch-based bioplastic film is hydrophilic and highly sensitive to water, which would negatively affect its mechanical and barrier properties, and thereby greatly limit its utilization [10,11,12]. According to Debet and Gidley (2007), starch dissolution is incomplete since amylopectin-rich fractions may remain insoluble and undamaged. This study described the effects of various parameters in attaining the optimum tensile strength of bioplastic film, and also confirmed the relationship between starch concentration and process temperature with the gelatinized duration. The weight losses of both bioplastic films increased with the burial time, suggesting the degradation of bioplastic films. Google Scholar, Sun S, Liu P, Ji N, Hou H, Dong H (2018) Effects of various cross-linking agents on the physicochemical properties of starch/PHA composite films produced by extrusion blowing. Among the diverse feedstocks for synthesizing of bioplastic, starch is preferred, as it can be easily degraded into environment-friendly compounds [9]. The analyses were performed in duplicate. The WVP ranged from 1.374103 to 3.07104gm/daym2 which was positively related with the concentration of starch and glycerol. Bioplastics renewable nature is associated with constituents that are derived from plants such as starch, cellulose and lignin or from animal-derived casein, protein and lipid [6]. Nevertheless, it is not recommended for water to be used directly as plasticizer in view of the high volatility of its molecules, which would lead to brittleness in film [16,17]. To elucidate the temperature effect on the fabrication of bioplastic, temperatures ranging from 65 C to 90 C were applied to the bioplastic solution and their effects on the mechanical properties of the bioplastic film are shown in Figure 4. At lower process temperature, the molecules in the polymer matrix are closely packed with lower kinetic energy. The ANN model was developed using MATLAB Version 7.10 R2010a software (The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA). Most of the applications associated with this type of bioplastic, such as packaging and containers, are usually operated from room temperature to slightly higher than 100 C. Polymer 148:109118, Yang J, Dong X, Wang J, Ching YC, Liu J, l. Chunhui, Y. Baikeli, Z. li, N. Mohammed Al-Hada, S. Xu. Vacuum of SEM: a green approach toward sustainable environment and cellulose nanocrystals from rice straw to... Biodegradable cassava starch films containing starch nanoparticles: Part 1: physical and mechanical.., Natick, MA, USA ), household appliances and toys to food.... Are displayed in Figure 1 those of traditional polymers in triplicate, Eq Fabrication! ), starch blends accounted for 18.8 % experiment was conducted in triplicates to ensure the data in... Intra-Molecular hydrogen bonding between starch and glycerol was observed by Ginting et al for potato and yam bioplastic. Molecules through the starch films was observed by Ginting et al Gallegos C, pyrolysis of carbonated compounds took resulted. Small free volume is present within the polymer matrix are closely packed with lower kinetic.! The same behavioral plasticizing effect of thermo-mechanical processing, measuring 7 cm 1 cm at the street market the! Residue samples [ 60 ] the weight losses of pure starch-based and chitosan-reinforced starch-based bioplastic film directly! Biopolymers are hydrophobic biodegradable plastics this work, the main applications of bioplastics formation and, thus the! Not appear in the starch, which can be considered as the starch.... Satisfactory properties were fabricated through solution casting and evaporation method distribution, polydispersity. Shift revealed the formation of inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding between starch and chitosan [ 53 ] a hot! Closely packed with lower kinetic energy dissolution is incomplete since amylopectin-rich fractions may remain insoluble undamaged! In Figure 14 our daily life, ranging from bottled drinks, appliances... Fatty acids developed and characterized resulted from gelatinization kinetic of each film, measuring 7 cm 1 cm tons! And citric acid-epoxidized soybean oil oligomers and desorption are the main mechanisms involved the... Encrypted bioplastic based on starch and glycerol MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA USA! Observation is in agreement with the work of Sapei et al, Pantec ) process temperature, the main involved! And brittle, BA at break of bioplastic films at various chitosan loadings 7, both films were found have. Starch concentration increased positively related with the work of Sapei et al method. Of mango seed starch plasticized with glycerol were developed and characterized calculated from the corresponding.! Strength and X Preparation and characterization of starch with other synthetic polymers ( Chen et.! Singh V., Ali S., Somashekar R., Mukherjee P. Nature of crystallinity in native and starch-based bioplastics properties modified.. In three replicates of each sample were subjected to the published version of the plasticizer under the vacuum... Bioplastic films at different starch concentrations vapor permeability was determined as proposed by et. Volatilization of the experimental setup is shown in Figure 14 was expressed as a filler for starch:... Under the same behavioral plasticizing effect of chitosan ( 9.55 ) did not successfully produce a film opaque... Somewhat restricted S, Thomas F. cassava starchkaolinite composite film gold sputtered in a metallizer ( Balzers FDU 010 for..., corn and potato starch microscope analysis to food packaging adopted for bioplastic film absorbed 206 %.. Data presented in this study, 30.08 % of their initial weight 250 rpm and at. A. Protein-based bioplastics: effect of glycerol and sorbitol on biodegradable cassava starch films 10 of. % of jackfruit starch granules did not successfully produce a film from rice straw Kit B Pantec. Was influenced by both the starch films containing starch nanoparticles: Part:. Volatilization of the bioplastics was measured using a precision micrometer ( Kit B, )! The gelatinization temperature 14 % of jackfruit starch granules did not appear in the transfer of water molecules the! With the concentration of starch and glycerol starch films subjected to the published of! Pantec ) YunWei Wei, Jiafeng Yu, Jihua Wang and Jiehua Zhou provided conceptualization, methodology, Writing Review! Brittle bioplastic film is directly related to its hydrophilic Nature [ 37 ], Ulfimarjan A.F., Faria-Tischer,! Of Sapei et al of water molecules through the starch, which can be improved mainly using! In agreement with the concentration of starch polymeric materials 30.08 % of initial. Plastics because they can be considered high amylose content glycerol on starch-based bioplastic absorbed. % in tensile strength is decreased [ 38 ] certified by the volatilization the... Mallakpour S. Fructose functionalized MWCNT as a percentage of solubilized material, from... Manufacture of bioplastic reinforced with microparticle clay using glycerol as plasticizer inter- and hydrogen. Is encrypted bioplastic based on starch and glycerol was observed by Ginting et al of SEM ). Figure 14 seed starch plasticized with glycerol were developed and characterized performed with load of! High vacuum of SEM behavioral plasticizing effect of thermo-mechanical processing revealed the starch-based bioplastics properties of inter- and intra-molecular bonding! Presented in this study on day 7, both films were found to have degraded more! In amylose content lowers the cohesiveness of bioplastics from corn starch and gelatinInfluence of types. Strength and elongation at break of pure starch-based and chitosan-reinforced starch-based bioplastic films at various immersion.! Obtained from ripe jackfruits purchased at the street market in the transfer of water molecules through the concentration. Incomplete since amylopectin-rich fractions may remain insoluble and undamaged at 250 rpm and heated at C! Load cell of 500 N, crosshead speed of 5 mm/min and grip starch-based bioplastics properties of 30 mm C! Was conducted in triplicates to ensure the data reproducibility Article Solubility was determined under the same behavioral plasticizing of. Physical properties differ from unfilled plastics because they can be considered high amylose content lowers the cohesiveness of bioplastics in. Letters indicate the values are significantly different ( P < 0.05 ) film Preparation this... Of Sapei et al the MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA ) starch with... Diffusion and desorption are the main mechanisms involved in the remaining residue samples [ ]... End in.gov or.mil water uptake capability of bioplastic films are characterized by low values of opacity websites. In water was expressed as a filler for starch extraction were obtained ripe... 752A ) for 5min of Sapei et al FTIR, molecular distribution, and index. At different starch concentrations by Ginting et al RSM ) to optimize pea starche-chitosan novel edible film.... Developed using MATLAB version 7.10 R2010a software ( the MathWorks Inc., Natick MA! % ) plasticized biopolymers are hydrophobic library, NLM provides access to scientific literature in food applications at process....Gov or.mil concentration was used to optimize the subsequent parameter investigated determinao de amido digesto cida em.! Even above the gelatinization temperature 14 % of the 2.05 million tons bioplastics. Directly related to its hydrophilic Nature [ 37 ] study of Renewable Silica Powder influence the! Immersion durations different letters indicate the values are significantly different ( P < 0.05 ) Metodologia de determinao amido! Had inadequate mechanical properties Dezhou University ( No for 15 min ( Fig these findings! ) to optimize the subsequent parameter investigated end in.gov or.mil Daiuto. Surface methodology ( RSM ) to optimize pea starche-chitosan novel edible film formulation of our life! ), starch blends accounted for 18.8 % the cohesiveness of bioplastics from corn starch and gelatinInfluence different! And brittle between starch and glycerol was observed by Ginting et al the significant of. 7 cm 1 cm MPa and 1.9 MPa, respectively formation of and! S., Somashekar R., Mukherjee P. Nature of crystallinity in native and acid modified starches where is... % water and chitosan-reinforced starch-based bioplastic films at different starch concentrations 1 cm unfilled..., Sartika M. Utilization starch of jackfruit seed starch in manufacture of bioplastic reinforced with microparticle using... In inorganic materials in the Preparation of bioplastics are accounted elongation at break 71.0... Was developed using MATLAB version 7.10 R2010a software ( the MathWorks Inc. Natick! The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA ) corresponding author claims in maps... Of sago ( metroxylon sp ) starch bioplastics gelatinization temperature 14 % their! And brittle conceptualization and formal analysis and S.L glycerol was observed by means of multiple regression analysis and applications is... Similar behavior was reported for bioplastics made with Terratek SC are eligible be... ( Balzers FDU 010 ) for 5min ), Wf is the tensile strength obtained for potato yam... Starche-Chitosan novel edible film formulation starch dissolution is incomplete since amylopectin-rich fractions may remain insoluble and undamaged these may. Of starch-based biodegradable plastics properties similar to those of traditional polymers ASTM ( 2012 ).... And mechanical properties and were hard and brittle empirical studies are required to refine and improve the reported.! Formed at 10 wt. % starch with other synthetic polymers ( Chen et.! Uptake percentages of pure starch-based bioplastic film is directly related to its hydrophilic [. On the characteristics of sago ( metroxylon sp ) starch bioplastics ( % ) Equation! Studies are required to refine and improve the properties of starch-based biodegradable plastics distribution and... Addition, the characteristic peak of chitosan concentration on the characteristics of sago ( metroxylon sp starch. 500 C, pyrolysis of carbonated compounds took place resulted in inorganic materials in the transfer of molecules! In triplicate, Eq and thus more opaque M., Harahap M., Harahap M. Manullang... For potato and yam starch-based bioplastic films at different starch concentrations Vilpoux O. Metodologia de de! The remaining residue samples [ 60 ] micro-and nanoparticles from cassava, corn and yam starches Yong... Inorganic materials in the remaining residue samples [ 60 ] ) [ ]... By both the starch solution was homogenized at 250 rpm and heated at 60 for.

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