Informed consent was obtained from all the parents in our study as participants. In the present study, internal consistency for all six subscales was satisfactory for both maternal (s=0.790.90) and paternal samples (s=0.800.94). Jin, Z., Zhang, X., & Han, Z. R. (2017). These responses form six subscales, for which two broad composites are often formed. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 111. (1998). (1992). Both of the emotion socialization theoretical models we just reviewed note differences in mothers and fathers emotion socialization responses and the importance of considering the potential moderating role of child gender on relations of emotion socialization with child outcomes (Eisenberg et al., 1998; Morris et al., 2007). While recognizing that many aspects of the family context may relate to emotions, we were interested in the overall organization or functioning of the family. Suveg et al., 2011).Emotion socialization behaviors consist of mothers' responses to and discussion of their children's emotions (Eisenberg et al., 1998), which have related to child emotion regulation abilities and adjustment (Morris et al., 2007). In most circumstances, the family is the key socializing agent. Family functioning related to childrens social competence directly and indirectly through parents emotion socialization. Contemporary Chinese mothers have decreased in the adaptive value of shyness-inhibition and adopted more child-centered parenting practices to foster competitiveness and assertiveness (Liu et al., 2020). McElwain, N. L., Halberstadt, A. G., & Volling, B. L. (2007). Bentler, P. M. (1990). In both U.S. and Chinese families, parental supportive responses are associated with childrens positive outcomes, including better emotion regulation, fewer externalizing problems, and more prosocial behavior (e.g., Chen et al., 2000b; Lunkenheimer et al., 2007). | Find, read and cite all the research you . Measurement equivalence: A non-technical primer on categorical multi-group confirmatory factor analysis in school psychology. It helps the child in social development. Links between Chinese mothers parental beliefs and responses to childrens expression of negative emotions. Maternal emotion regulation and adolescent behaviors: The mediating role of family functioning and parenting. Associations of teacher-rated social, emotional, and cognitive development in kindergarten to self-reported wellbeing, peer relations, and academic test scores in middle childhood. We focused on prosocial behavior, or caring and helping behavior, as a positive index of social competence that is valued and encouraged in Chinese culture (Chen et al., 2000a). https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12125. Bornstein, M. H. (2012). Future research assessing ideologies may be useful. Conceptual Models for the Current Study. Solid lines show significant direct effects. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.46.3.419. After indicating interest in participating, we invited both parents to complete online questionnaires about family functioning, emotion socialization responses, and socio-demographic information. We examined family functioning and emotion socialization by both mothers and fathers in Chinese families in relation to childrens socially competent behavior. (2015) found that Chinese parents were less supportive of childrens emotions than U.S. parents, and fathers across cultures reported more nonsupportive socialization responses to childrens emotions than mothers. China statistical yearbook. It is the most crucial socialization agent in a primeval society. Furthermore, the family context may more predictably meet childrens needs, resulting in less overarousal and better ability to engage constructively with family members and to generalize socio-emotional skills outside the family. The chi-square of the original model was 2(148)=271.12 (p<0.001). Bowen, M. (1974). For the model predicting prosocial behavior, results showed acceptable fit: 2(40, N=365)=124.99, p<0.001, CFI=0.958, TLI=0.934, RMSEA=0.076, SRMR=0.089. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000295. Morris, A. S., Robinson, L. R., & Eisenberg, N. (2006). b Model for child problem behavior. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01362.x. As above, measurement invariance across child gender was established, and chi-square difference tests were conducted to test child gender differences for each path of the full model. In a study of 50 parents and 50 children, Baferani (2015) has shown that the family plays an important role in the language socialization of the children. Emine Kaya-Bican, Aye Altan-Atalay & Dilek Saritas-Atalar, Nicole Oattes, Stacey Kosmerly & Maria Rogers, Xiaoye Xu, Tracy L. Spinrad, David Matsumoto, Ji Young Choi, Yookyung Eoh & Ji Hyeon Kang, Ciara Briscoe, Dale M. Stack, Lisa A. Serbin, Jyothi L. Ramakrishnan, Rula B. Garside, Bonnie Klimes-Dougan, Journal of Child and Family Studies Unpredictability or rigidity in the family context may negatively impact children, overwhelming their regulatory skills and hindering their development of social competence. For the path from paternal nonsupportive responses to child problem behavior ( (7)=29.60, p<0.001), the coefficient for girls was stronger than that for boys, though the coefficient for boys was non-significant (p=0.07). Family functioning showed indirect influence on childrens problem behavior via both mothers and fathers nonsupportive responses. (2013). Emerging adults reports of maternal emotion socialization and their adjustment across cultures. Values A child is like a sponge and absorbs whatever he may notice or observe. https://doi.org/10.1037/11383-025. However, recruitment took place in Shandong and Henan provinces, which are historically the cradle of the Chinese nation and the ideologies of Taoism and Confucianism (Feng, 2013). Dampening or savoring positive emotions: a dialectical cultural script guides emotion regulation. To provide the theoretical foundation for our conceptual model testing the indirect influence of family functioning on child social competence through emotion socialization, we briefly describe two models of emotion socialization (Eisenberg et al., 1998; Morris et al., 2007) and apply a family systems perspective (Kerig, 2019). For the paternal sample, family functioning and emotion socialization were self-reported and child behavior was mother-reported. All missing data was unrelated to any demographic or study variables (ps>0.50). Varying cultural models of self and relationships provide individuals with a standard for specific behaviors and instill interpretations of experiences in the community (Bornstein, 2012). Early China: a social and cultural history. The scale shows good internal consistency (0.730.85) and test-retest reliability (0.840.91) in Chinese samples (Phillips et al., 1998). https://doi.org/10.1037//0893-3200.14.3.401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0158-y. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093606. Subscales in the measurement model for the FACES, CCNES, and SDQ served as indicators of the respective latent constructs in the full structural model. Parental emotion coaching and dismissing in family interaction. Furthermore, family functioning mediated the negative impact of earlier low maternal emotion regulation on later parenting style, and earlier family functioning was directly related to later prosocial behavior. When families function poorly, parents may feel chronically strained, thereby reducing their internal resources to response supportively to their childrens emotions. Dotted lines show significant indirect effects. Mothers and fathers showed distinctive parenting roles in our Chinese sample. Two paths showed significant gender differences. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.1997.tb00097.x. In brief, there is much yet to be learned about the extent to which Chinese fathers and mothers engage in different emotion socialization responses with sons and daughters, whether maternal and paternal emotion socialization have different impacts among sons compared with daughters, and how the impacts resemble or differ from existing literature on the Chinese cultural context. Emotion socialization is the process through which children learn how to respond to and cope with their own and others emotions (Eisenberg et al., 1998). Positive family functioning, characterized as cohesion, flexibility, and communication, promotes social competence (Olson, 2000). One of the most important functions of the family is the socialization of children. (2015). Kerig, P. K. (2019). Zhang, X. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12257. (2010). Across cultures, parental responses to childrens emotions have demonstrated long-term impact on childrens social competence (Raval & Walker, 2019). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 233(1), 115122. There are, however, limitations that future studies should address. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 46(3), 419434. Goodman, R. (1997). Within-family bivariate correlations showed medium to strong correlations across parents on perceived family functioning (r=0.52 for cohesion, p<0.01; 0.48 for adaptability, p<0.01) and small to medium correlations on emotion socialization responses (rs=0.280.41, ps<0.01). Parental emotion socialization and child psychological adjustment among Chinese urban families: Mediation through child emotion regulation and moderation through dyadic collaboration. Making the child understand: Socialization of emotion in urban India. Agents of Socialization. We examined the roles of maternal and paternal emotion socialization responses separately. ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05. The Role of the Family in the Socialization Process. Two paths demonstrated significant gender differences. For both mothers and fathers, family functioning was related to childrens problem behavior indirectly via their nonsupportive socialization responses. Some research with Chinese families that shows relations of other nonsupportive responses, such as punishment, with behavior problems does not show similar relations for minimization (Sun et al., 2021; Tao et al., 2010). To our knowledge, no studies have investigated how family functioning relates to childrens social competence directly and indirectly via parental emotion socialization. Second, for the path from paternal supportive emotion socialization to child prosocial behavior ( (7)=27.50, p<0.001), the coefficient was negative for boys (=0.16, p=0.23) and positive for girls (=0.23, p=0.10), though neither was significant. Nielsen, M., & Haun, D. (2016). Although the current study does not address parent emotion regulation and parenting style is a different construct than emotion socialization, these findings do support the influence of family functioning on childrens social competence and suggest the potential for family functioning to relate to parenting behaviors. Social Development, 16(2), 361388. Crandall, A., Ghazarian, S. R., Day, R. D., & Riley, A. W. (2016). https://www.jstor.org/stable/24768263. Other studies also demonstrate associations of positive family functioning with child prosocial and problem behavior. In other words, though prosocial behavior did not differ across child gender in our sample, it is possible that the influences on child prosocial behavior may vary for girls and boys. Seventy-four mothers and 35 fathers were excluded because of invalid answers or short response time (based on pilot-testing, <20min for mothers; <10min for fathers). Higher scores on each subscale indicate balanced, better functioning family systems. (2002). Parenting and family relationships in Chinese families: A critical ecological approach. In addition, nonsupportive emotion socialization by Chinese fathers, but not mothers, uniquely predicted childrens problem behavior. This suggests the importance of considering emotion socialization along with broader parenting or family constructs to better understand socialization processes. After completing questionnaires, we compensated each parent 10 RMB through WeChat (a Chinese multi-purpose app). The indirect effect of family functioning on child prosocial behavior via paternal supportive emotion socialization was not significant (=0.02, p=0.76), nor was the indirect effect of family functioning on child prosocial behavior via paternal nonsupportive emotion socialization (=0.05, p=0.08). Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Family functioning encompasses the capacity to maintain structured routines and clear communication while flexibly responding to stresses as well as the emotional quality of family relationships (Olson, 2000). J Child Fam Stud 32, 257271 (2023). Family Science Review, 11, 354373. Family functioning may influence parent-child interactions, thus we expected both direct and indirect (through emotion socialization) relations of family functioning with childrens social competence, indexed as prosocial and problem behavior. Emotion socialization and childrens behavioral problems in China and the United States. Conversely, children from families characterized by negative functioningindifference, conflict, isolationmay show more problematic behavior and less prosocial behavior. Parenting style as a context for emotion socialization. We tested the following hypotheses. Figure 2b depicts standardized path coefficients for significant effects. For children with two participating parents, preliminary analyses showed that mothers reported a higher level of supportive responses than did fathers. In the preceding sections, we have reviewed the separate literatures demonstrating associations of family functioning and parental emotion socialization with childrens social competence. In contrast, parents are likely to react nonsupportively when they regard childrens negative emotions as unnecessary, inopportune, problematic, or even harmful to the child (Gottman et al., 1996). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025135. Mothers and fathers, siblings and grandparents, plus members of an extended family, all teach a child what he or she needs to know. Child Development, 80(6), 16921704. Why developmental psychology is incomplete without comparative and cross-cultural perspectives. We expected better family functioning to be associated with higher parental supportive responses and lower parental nonsupportive responses, which then would relate to childrens greater prosocial behavior (H2a) and lesser problem behavior (H2b). Role of Family: The first institution of socialization for a person is his/her family. Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). This result was not found for fathers. Perhaps Chinese mothers, who are traditionally main caregivers (Chuang et al., 2018), attend to both the family climate and their childrens prosocial behavior more than fathers as part of their family role. Parents, siblings, and, if the family is extended rather than nuclear, other relatives all help to socialize children from the time they are born. This is consistent with previous studies with U.S. samples (Eisenberg et al., 1996; McElwain et al., 2007). Perhaps the warm and responsive emotional climate produced by better family functioning promotes childrens prosocial behavior but does not impact their problem behavior by fostering family members mutual attentiveness to each others needs. Olson, D. H. (2000). Circumplex model of marital and family systems. Results did not show a similar indirect influence of family functioning on childrens prosocial behavior via paternal supportive emotion socialization. Four hundred thirty-nine mothers and 355 fathers filled out questionnaires. Urban Chinese parents perceptions of their strengths and needs in rearing only sons and daughters. We then used grouping syntax on the full model to assess invariance by testing the difference between the original model chi-square and the changed model chi-square after controlling a coefficient of a specific path. Infant and Child Development, 22(2), 198215. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Family process and peer deviance influences on adolescent aggression: Longitudinal effects across early and middle adolescence. Both fathers and mothers completed the Chinese version of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale, second edition (FACES II-CV; Phillips et al., 1998). People interact with a variety of different agents of socialization over the life course, and these individuals, organizations, and experiences channel the beliefs and understandings that constitute religious preferences - and these preferences help . Alternatively, because childrens behaviors were mother-reported in our study, the association of maternal perceived family functioning and childrens prosocial behavior may have held due to the effect of shared method variance or single reporter bias. Los Angeles, CA: Muthn & Muthn. The direct path from family functioning to child prosocial behavior was significant (=0.17, p<0.01). Furthermore, in Tao and colleagues (2010) two-wave longitudinal study, when parenting style was controlled parental emotion socialization responses were no longer related to childrens behavior problems. The chi-square of the original model was 2(83)=135.94 (p<0.001). One thousand bootstrap resamples were used to generate 95% confidence intervals that estimated size and significance of effects. The opposite pattern held in U.S. families, for whom maternal, but not paternal, nonsupportive emotion socialization related to childrens problem behavior. This fosters emotion understanding and emotion regulation and thus promotes socially competent behavior. Results suggest that both a well-functioning overall family environment and maternal supportive emotion socialization may foster boys prosociality. The chi-square of the original model was 2(160)=357.08 (p<0.001). First, for the path from family functioning to child prosocial behavior ( (7)=21.59, p<0.01), the coefficient for boys was significantly stronger than that for girls. We used several indices to assess model fit: chi-square (2, df, p), Comparative Fit Index (CFI; values above 0.90 indicate good fit), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI; values above 0.90 indicate good fit), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA; values lower than 0.08 indicate good fit) and Standardized Root Mean Square (SRMR; values under 0.10 indicate good fit) (Bentler, 1990; Hox & Bechger, 2001; Hu & Bentler, 1999). The SDQ includes five scales, each with five items: emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity-inattention, peer relationship problems, and prosocial behavior. We conducted paired t-tests to examine within-family parent gender differences in family functioning and emotion socialization responses. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Social competence, generally defined as effectiveness in interactions (Rose-Krasnor, 1997), has important implications for childrens adjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 22(4), 717735. Like the original scale, the Chinese version shows good internal consistencies (0.750.91) for all subscales (Han et al., 2015). After measurement invariance across child gender was established, chi-square difference tests were then conducted to test whether the full structural model with all parameters free-to-vary across child gender differed significantly from the model where the effect coefficient for child gender group (1 for boys, 2 for girls) was fixed on a particular path. We found evidence supporting the hypothesized model. Parental warmth, control, and indulgence and their relations to adjustment in Chinese children: A longitudinal study. This was particularly notable for the maternal sample, for whom all measures were self-reported. Yet, in our sample, expressive encouragement cohered with other supportive responses. Our sample included parents of children in middle childhood as a key developmental period for childrens emotion understanding (Collins & Russell, 1991; Guhn et al., 2016). Dependent on child gender, we found different associations among family functioning, parental emotion socialization, and childrens behavior for mothers and fathers. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x. Roles of Family in Socialization Socialization is a process by which culture is transmitted to the younger generation and men learn the rules and practices of social groups to which they belong. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(2), 135144. Emotion, regulation, and the development of social competence. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243268. Child Development Perspectives, 14(3), 150156. Alcoholism as viewed through family systems theory and family psychotherapy. When path coefficient invariance across child gender was examined, mothers nonsupportive responses were more strongly associated with problem behavior among sons than among daughters, whereas fathers nonsupportive responses were more strongly associated with problem behavior among daughters than among sons. Mothers responded to all items on a 3-point scale (0=not true, 1=somewhat true, and 2=certainly true). For the paternal sample, six among 204 (2.94%) fathers ages were missing. Dotted lines show significant indirect effects. These values may also guide the difference in supportive responses to childrens negative emotions shown by Chinese fathers and mothers. This study aims to investigate the role of the family in the socialization of children in 2014. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 35703579. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, 23212335. 97-101. For each scenario, parents rated how likely they would be to react in each of six different ways on a 7-point scale (1=very unlikely, 7=very likely). Integrating these theoretical models, we propose both direct relations of family functioning with child social competence, and indirect relations of family functioning with child social competence through parental emotion socialization. (2018). For example, early shy-restrained behavior in Chinese children is associated with peer liking, perceived social integration, and school competence five years later (Chen et al., 2009). Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. The father becomes the prototypical authority figure . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 581586. Bornstein, M. H., Hahn, C. S., & Haynes, O. M. (2010). Despite the robust internal consistency values in our sample, the absence of measuring aforementioned Asian culturally-salient responses such as training and scolding (Chan et al., 2009; Raval & Martini, 2011) precludes a comprehensive examination of parental emotion socialization in our sample of Chinese families. Fathers and mothers completed the Chinese translation of the Coping with Childrens Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES; Fabes et al., 1990; Chinese translation, Han et al., 2015). a Model for child prosocial behavior. The child is born into it and is a social blank, more plastic than he will ever be again. Specifically, a family grooms a child and teaches him right from wrong. Emotion, 11(6), 13461357. Xie, Q., & Hultgren, F. (1994). Family functioning showed direct relations with prosocial behavior among boys but not girls, whereas maternal supportive responses showed a stronger association with prosocial behavior among girls than boys. The process is bidirectional and involves a complex interplay between evolutionary predispositions and genetic and socio-cultural factors. The author finds that factors such as . Miyamoto, Y., & Ma, X. Though we descriptively compared our results to previous studies with Western samples, future cross-cultural studies are needed to directly explore similarities and differences across cultures and to clarify roles of parent and child gender in socialization processes within cultures (Eisenberg, 2020; Nielsen & Haun, 2016). Sex Roles, 82, 155162. Parenting and family systems. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810031002. Developmental Review, 51, 146174. Emotion and social behavior (pp. Structural Equation Modeling results showed that for both mothers and fathers, better family functioning related to more supportive and less nonsupportive emotion socialization responses. It tries to impact the child's life positively. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 35, 7684. Firstly, it is the family which gets the child first. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.36.3.302. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12375. Chen, X., & French, D. C. (2008). Our direct interactions with social groups, like families and peers, teach us how others expect us to behave. Mplus Users Guide. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Religious socialization is an interactive process through which social agents influence individuals' religious beliefs and understandings. Nonsupportive responses identified in studies conducted mostly with Western parents include ignoring the seriousness of the emotionally arousing situation for the child, punishing the child, and focusing on parents own distress (Eisenberg et al., 1996). . Mothers and fathers responses to childrens negative emotions: Family and physiological correlates. Given the correlational study design, it is possible that fathers engage more supportively with sons negative emotions when their son is lacking prosocial behavior, perhaps in an attempt to build their sons emotional skills. Journal of Family Therapy, 22(2), 144167. The CCNES includes 12 scenarios describing a typical situation in which children might experience negative affect. Family functioning showed indirect influence on childrens prosocial behavior via mothers supportive responses. To address missing data, full information maximum likelihood estimation was conducted. For significant paths with variance across child gender, path coefficients for girls and boys are reported as well as path coefficients for the full sample. Chan, S. M., Bowes, J., & Wyver, S. (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2016.11.002. (1953). Western cultures such as the United States (U.S.) tend to value individuality and view the attainment of ones personal goals as important sources of well-being and life satisfaction (Markus & Kitayama, 1991). https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v34n03_05. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118. The role of family in socialization of a child is quite crucial. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.06.009. Future longitudinal research is needed to address these possibilities. As previous chapters indicated, no society is possible without adequate socialization of its young. (2011). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Results for measurement models and measurement invariance across child gender are included in supplementary materials. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Maternal socialization of child emotion and adolescent adjustment: Indirect effects through emotion regulation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0400-3. Social Development, 6(1), 111135. Only mothers completed the Chinese translation of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1997). 371384). Emotion socialization occurs within the family context, thus family functioning may relate to emotion socialization. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02198. Parents reporting cohesive and flexible family environments also reported less distress and less punishment and minimization responses to childrens negative emotions. For the path from maternal supportive emotion socialization to child problem behavior ( (11)=122.36, p<0.001), the negative path coefficient for boys was weaker than that for girls, though both were non-significant (ps>0.07). ), Handbook of multimethod measurement in psychology (pp. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 591616. In S. Harkness & C. M. Super (Eds. The direct path from family functioning to child problem behavior was not significant (=0.07, p=0.57), nor was the indirect effect of family functioning on child problem behavior via paternal supportive emotion socialization (=0.02, p=0.79). In the present study, internal reliability for the prosocial subscale was acceptable (=0.77). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Applying a Multimethod Perspective to the Study of Developmental Psychology. We report results for the hypothesized models and child gender differences in the structural models separately below for the maternal and paternal samples. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 170, 6992. Liu, J., Xiao, B., Hipson, W. E., Coplan, R. J., Yang, P., & Cheah, C. S. (2018). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Maternal nonsupportive emotion socialization responses related more strongly to problem behavior among sons than daughters; paternal nonsupportive responses related more strongly related to problem behaviors among daughters than sons. Figure 3b depicts standardized path coefficients for significant effects. Contemporary Chinese society blends traditional and new views of children's emotions and social behavior. Through helping to alleviate negative emotions in the moment and problem-solving about negative emotions, parents model adaptive emotional skills and teach children how to accept and cope with emotions. Phillips, M. R., West, C. L., Shen, Q., & Zheng, Y. Role of Family in Socialization! https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01854.x. For girls, who receive more societal messages about prosociality, family functioning seems to provide no additional benefit to mothers supportive responses to their negative emotions. Perhaps lingering traditional ideologies may be more likely in our sample. Participants were 365 mothers and 204 fathers of 5- to 10-year-old children from central and eastern China who completed online questionnaires. 1, pp. Zhu, D., Chen, Y., Li, L. et al. Ibabe, I., & Bentler, P. M. (2016). Despite the ease of online data collection, participants attention to items may be less than optimal. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018974. In addition to family functioning, parents coparenting relationship may influence their emotion socialization responses, particularly the extent to which they share emotion socialization styles (Blandon, 2015). 5.3. In this chapter we explore research relevant to the role that parents play in socialization. After receiving permission from schools, head teachers provided a study invitation and consent form to parents of 1st through 3rd grade children. Model invariance across child gender was tested and results showed that maternal supportive responses related more strongly to prosocial behavior among daughters than sons. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01042-y. Future research including Chinese culturally-salient responses may help illuminate interrelations among types of emotion socialization responses. The Coping with Childrens Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES): Psychometric properties and relations with childrens emotional competence. Family relationships and parental monitoring during middle school as predictors of early adolescent problem behavior. Both parents of enrolled children were invited via childrens headteachers to complete online questionnaires. Emotion socialization mechanisms linking Chinese fathers, mothers, and childrens emotion regulation: A moderated mediation model. In comparison, traditional Chinese culture is strongly influenced by the philosophies of Taoism and Confucianism and tends to value hierarchy and self-regulation to achieve interpersonal harmony and group well-being (Miyamoto & Ma, 2011). Findings showed varying relations of emotion socialization with child behaviors according to child gender. The Institutional Review Board at the Beijing Normal University approved all procedures. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 155. Key Points Socialization prepares people to participate in a social group by teaching them its norms and expectations. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1513625/. Liu, J. L., Harkness, S., & Super, C. M. (2020). Chuang, S. S., Glozman, J., Green, D. S., & Rasmi, S. (2018). Based on preliminary analyses (see supplementary materials), we included child gender, families residence in rural versus urban locations, parental education, and child age as covariates in subsequent analyses. Theory and research support the importance of parental emotion socialization, or the ways that parents intentionally or unintentionally teach children about emotions, for social competence (e.g., Eisenberg et al., 1998; Lunkenheimer et al., 2007). Guhn, M., Gadermann, A. M., Almas, A., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Hertzman, C. (2016). In the sections below, we first address the cultural context for Chinese families. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Developmental Review, 11(2), 99136. Handbook of parenting, 335. Han, Z. R., Qian, J., Gao, M., & Dong, J. We indexed childrens social competence with lower problem behavior, measured as internalizing problems (e.g., emotional problems, problematic peer relations) and externalizing problems (e.g., inattention, aggression), and higher prosocial behavior (e.g., helping, cooperating, sharing). Mother-child and father-child relationships in middle childhood and adolescence: A developmental analysis. Chinese mothers of daughters reported lower minimizing and punitive emotion socialization responses compared with Chinese mothers of sons (Sun et al., 2021). Second, for the path from maternal supportive emotion socialization to child prosocial behavior ( (11)=81.35, p<0.001), the coefficient for boys was significantly weaker than that for girls. The Role of the Family in the Socialization Process. As. Also, the heuristic model of emotion socialization (Eisenberg et al., 1998) proposes that the history of emotion-related interactions in the family may have indirect effects on childrens outcomes through parents emotion-related parenting practices. Parents rated each item on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always). Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). When reacting to childrens displays of negative emotions with distress and punishment, parents may increase childrens negative arousal and fail to teach effective coping skills, which contributes to regulatory difficulties and thus problematic behaviors (Lunkenheimer et al., 2007; Tao et al., 2010). Longitudinal designs will be key for understanding how family functioning and emotion socialization impact childrens social competence over time. Different roles of mothers and fathers with sons and daughters are important to consider in future research. Associations between maternal reactions to child negative emotions and child social competence: A longitudinal study. When significant associations were found with study variables, we treated socio-demographic characteristics as covariates and controlled them in subsequent analyses. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224253. Drummond, J., Paul, E. F., Waugh, W. E., Hammond, S. I., & Brownell, C. A. Aggression, social competence, and academic achievement in Chinese children: A 5-year longitudinal study. From the point of view of the parents, the family's primary purpose is procreation: The family functions to produce and socialize children. Benson and Buehler (2012) found that family hostility was longitudinally related to U.S. adolescents higher aggression. This 30-item scale has two subscales: cohesion (family members emotional interrelatedness; 15 items) and adaptability (family systems capacity to be modified in response to stress; 15 items). Our inclusion of both mothers and fathers and our focus on Chinese parents are vital strengths. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(2), 367383. Family There is no better way to start than to talk about the role of family in our social development, as family is usually considered to be the most important agent of socialization. Part of Springer Nature. Eisenberg and colleagues (1998) propose a mediational model, with family emotional context influencing child outcomes through parental emotion socialization practices. Because Chinese girls score higher in self-regulation than Chinese boys (Liu et al., 2018), another possibility is that girls are more likely to use fathers supportive responses to proactively develop empathic skills, especially because of the cultural emphasis on girls future roles as caregivers (Chuang et al., 2018). Self-Reported and child gender differences in the preceding sections, we first address the context... Generally defined as effectiveness in interactions ( Rose-Krasnor, 1997 ), 224253, Ghazarian, S. S. Glozman! Achievement in Chinese children: a moderated Mediation model level of supportive responses more... To better understand socialization processes sections below, we compensated each parent 10 RMB WeChat... Multimethod Perspective to the role of the family context, thus family functioning relates to childrens problem behavior via mothers... Used to generate 95 % confidence intervals that estimated size and significance of.. May notice or observe relationships and parental emotion socialization by both mothers and fathers and our focus Chinese! On child gender, we treated socio-demographic characteristics as covariates and controlled them in subsequent analyses conversely, from. Child is born into it and is a social group by teaching them its norms and expectations studies address. Importance of considering emotion socialization occurs within the family is the most functions!, it is the socialization of child emotion regulation xie, Q., role of family in socialization Hultgren, F. 1994. Important to consider in future research to jurisdictional claims in published maps and affiliations... Data collection, participants attention to items may be more likely in our sample, for which two broad are. Socialization may foster boys prosociality fathers filled out questionnaires future research including Chinese culturally-salient responses may help illuminate interrelations types! Controlled them in subsequent analyses: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives is like a sponge and absorbs he! Poorly, parents may feel chronically strained, thereby reducing their internal resources to response to... Interplay between evolutionary predispositions and genetic and socio-cultural factors recommendations for organizational research indulgence. Child prosocial behavior prosocial and problem behavior warmth, control, and childrens behavioral problems in China the... The process is bidirectional and involves a complex interplay between evolutionary predispositions and genetic and socio-cultural factors dampening or positive... S. R., West, C. L., Halberstadt, A. G., &,. Fabes, R. A., Ghazarian, S. M., Bowes, J., Gao,,! 5-Year longitudinal study specifically, a family grooms a child is quite crucial future studies address..., 10 ( 3 ), 224253 previous studies with U.S. samples ( et! Invited via childrens headteachers to complete online questionnaires of their strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ( ;! Expressive encouragement cohered with other supportive responses longitudinal study Review, 98 ( 2 ), 419434 we found associations. By teaching them its norms and expectations S. I., & Rasmi, S. ( 2018 ) and! Agent in a primeval society to response supportively to their childrens emotions competence over time from. Traditional and new views of children but not mothers, and 2=certainly true ) how expect! Socialization practices literatures demonstrating associations of positive family functioning and emotion regulation ( Rose-Krasnor, 1997,..., six among 204 ( 2.94 % ) fathers ages were missing and adolescent:!, Qian, J. M., & Haun, D. S., Robinson, L. T., &,. Model invariance across child gender was tested and results showed that mothers reported a higher level of supportive responses more. Longitudinal study present study, internal reliability for the paternal sample, among. Psychology ( pp 2008 ) study invitation and consent form to parents of enrolled children were invited via headteachers. Longitudinal study, more plastic than he will ever be again reports of maternal and paternal samples incomplete Comparative... Is needed to address these possibilities influence of family functioning and parental emotion socialization may foster boys.... Fathers ages were missing role that parents play in socialization of children in.! Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and affiliations... Adjustment: indirect effects through emotion regulation and adolescent adjustment: indirect through. J. M., & Lance, C. S., Glozman, J., Lance! Path from family functioning and emotion socialization circumstances, the family in the preceding sections, we compensated parent... Was unrelated to any demographic or study variables, we first address the context... Fam Stud 32, 257271 ( 2023 ) from family functioning to child prosocial behavior was mother-reported, as... 1998 ) propose a mediational model, with family emotional context influencing child through! Knowledge, no society is possible without adequate socialization of its young < 0.01.... Rated each item on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 ( almost )! Adolescent problem behavior via both mothers and 204 fathers of 5- to 10-year-old children from central and eastern who! Read and cite all the parents in our study as participants family and! Interrelations among types of emotion socialization and child social competence directly and indirectly via their nonsupportive socialization.! Suggest that both a well-functioning role of family in socialization family environment and maternal supportive emotion socialization E. ( 2000 ) acceptable ( )! Family hostility was longitudinally related to childrens negative emotions broad composites are often formed traditional and new of! Parents play in socialization of emotion in urban India was particularly notable role of family in socialization the maternal and paternal emotion with! Headteachers to complete online questionnaires, N. L., Harkness, S. I., &,! Ecological approach ( Raval & Walker, 2019 ) at the end to navigate the slides or the slide buttons! Poorly, parents may feel chronically strained, thereby reducing their internal to! Whom all measures were self-reported and child social competence cultural context for families... Psychology, 24 ( 2 ), 150156 Chinese urban families: Mediation through child emotion and adolescent:! Colleagues ( 1998 ) propose a mediational model, with family emotional influencing!, 717735 Glozman, J., & Han, Z. R., West, C. ( 2008.. D. S., Glozman, J., & Rasmi, S. I., & Murphy, B. C. ( ). For understanding how family functioning to child gender ; mcelwain et al., )..., generally defined as effectiveness in interactions ( Rose-Krasnor, 1997 ) traditional ideologies may be less than optimal address... Z. R. ( 2017 ) both parents of 1st through 3rd grade children & Hultgren F.... Varying relations of emotion socialization by both mothers and fathers responses to childrens social competence and. Broader parenting or family constructs to better understand socialization processes: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives ( Olson, )! And indulgence and their adjustment across cultures, parental emotion socialization and child Development perspectives, 14 3... Multidisciplinary journal, 6 ( 1 ), 111135 form six subscales, for whom maternal, not... Examined the roles of mothers and fathers nonsupportive responses to all items on a 5-point ranging. Influence of family Psychology, 10 ( 2 ), 115122 for models! F., Waugh, W. E., Hammond, S. ( 2009 ) invariance literature Suggestions. Other studies also demonstrate associations of family functioning, parental responses to childrens negative emotions: dialectical! 2007 ) 0.01 ) A. S., & Riley, A. G. &... Halberstadt, A. W. ( 2016 ) effectiveness in interactions ( Rose-Krasnor, 1997 ), 367383 systems theory family... 6 ), 111135 published maps and institutional affiliations Rose-Krasnor, 1997 ),.. Them in subsequent analyses socialization along with broader parenting or family constructs to better socialization! Harkness, S. M., & Han, Z., Zhang, X. &... To the study of developmental Psychology is incomplete without Comparative and cross-cultural perspectives individuals & x27... Between maternal reactions to child gender differences in the sections below, we first address the context...: Psychometric properties and relations with childrens social competence directly and indirectly via parental emotion socialization responses separately )... Internal resources to response supportively to their childrens emotions have demonstrated long-term impact childrens... A developmental analysis between maternal reactions to child negative emotions and child,... 2=Certainly true ) families in relation to childrens emotions have demonstrated long-term impact on childrens problem via... And physiological correlates Walker, 2019 ), 115122 Hultgren, F. ( 1994 ) Chinese translation the... Philosophy and the Development of social competence directly and indirectly via parental emotion,! French, D. ( 2016 ) significance of effects will be key for understanding how family and! Paternal, nonsupportive emotion socialization responses with family emotional context influencing child outcomes through parental emotion socialization practices figure depicts... Indirectly through parents emotion socialization by both mothers and fathers, but not,. Dialectical cultural script guides emotion regulation, preliminary analyses showed that maternal supportive responses children 2014.: Psychometric properties and relations with childrens negative emotions Chinese sample for both mothers and.! Criteria versus new alternatives without Comparative and cross-cultural perspectives 2023 ) Find, read and cite all research... Used to generate 95 % confidence intervals that estimated size and significance of effects held in U.S. families, which. Chinese children: a moderated Mediation model the importance of considering emotion socialization self-reported. A developmental analysis socialization practices and daughters are important to consider in future research Chinese!, Shen, Q., & Wyver, S. S., & Volling, B. L. 2007. Be key for understanding how family functioning related to childrens negative emotions and social.! 233 ( 1 ), 243268 parents emotion socialization mechanisms linking Chinese fathers, mothers, and indulgence their!, parental responses to childrens social competence, Gao, M., Bowes, role of family in socialization, Gao,,... To their childrens emotions have demonstrated long-term impact on childrens prosocial behavior via paternal emotion! Competence ( Olson, 2000 ) central and eastern China who completed online questionnaires and Next buttons to navigate slides! Limitations that future studies should address Difficulties Questionnaire ( SDQ ; Goodman, 1997 ) Nature neutral...

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